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Grassy Knoll Evidence and Witnesses

Witness impressions, photographic claims and later acoustic controversy. This page combines historical context with 58 matching records drawn directly from the Kennedy Assassination History archive.

58 matching archive records 1963–2013 record span Open the full 1,932-record archive

Historical context

Grassy Knoll Evidence and Witnesses: overview and significance

What happened?

The grassy knoll is the raised landscaped area north of Elm Street in Dealey Plaza. Some witnesses believed shots or suspicious activity came from that direction, making it a major focus of alternative assassination theories.

Why was it important?

The knoll became historically significant because eyewitness impressions, photographic interpretations and later acoustic analysis were used to challenge the conclusion that all shots came from the Depository.

Archive records

Grassy Knoll Evidence and Witnesses timeline

The records below are selected from the 1,932-record JFK assassination archive and are rendered as static HTML in chronological order.

1963
1963 22nd November

Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy

Norma Jean Lollis Hill · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Norma Jean Lollis Hill was present along with her friend Mary Moorman across from the grassy knoll, and was one of the very closest witnesses to President Kennedy when the shots were fired at him.

1963 22nd November

Assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy

Norma Jean Lollis Hill · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

The "Lady in Red" in Zapruders film, claims smoke was lingering near the grassy knoll picket fence corner.

1963 22nd November

Badge Man

John Fitzgerald Kennedy · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF · President of USA

The Warren Commission later concludes that Lee Harvey Oswald is the lone assassin..

1963 22nd November

Badge Man

Mary Ann Moorman · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Badge Man is the name given to a photographic image that some President John F. Kennedy assassination researchers claim is a grassy knoll assassin seen within a Polaroid photograph that close witness Mary Moorman captured..

1963 22nd November

Badge Man

Mary Ann Moorman · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

In the Moorman Polaroid photo is seen all of the Presidential limousine occupants, several other witnesses (including Abraham Zapruder filming), two Dallas police motorcycle Presidential escorts, and much of the area comprising the grassy knoll.

1963 22nd November

Badge Man

Mary Ann Moorman · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

The photo has been calculated to have been captured between the Zapruder film equivalent concurrent frames of Z-315 and 316 (less than one-sixth of a second after President Kennedys head first exploded at Z-313).

1963 22nd November

Grassy Knoll

Norma Jean Lollis Hill · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

The "Lady in Red" in Zapruders film, claims smoke was lingering near the grassy knoll picket fence corner. Present along with her friend Mary Moorman across from the grassy knoll, and was one of the very closest witnesses to President Kennedy when the shots were fired at him

1963 22nd November

Grassy Knoll

Mary Ann Moorman · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Badge Man is the name given to a photographic image that some President John F. Kennedy assassination researchers claim is a grassy knoll assassin seen within a Polaroid photograph that close witness Mary Moorman captured...

1963 22nd November

Grassy Knoll

Mary Ann Moorman · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

In the Moorman Polaroid photo is seen all of the Presidential limousine occupants, several other witnesses (including Abraham Zapruder filming), two Dallas police motorcycle Presidential escorts, and much of the area comprising the grassy knoll.

1963 22nd November

Grassy Knoll

Mary Ann Moorman · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Photographs the Grassy Knoll with a polaroid which is used to identify the "badge man"

1963 22nd November

Grassy Knoll

Marilyn Sitzman · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Marilyn Sitzman stands on the same pedestal as Abraham Zapruder (steadying him), only yards from the alleged Grassy Knoll assassin.

1963 22nd November

Lady In Red

Norma Jean Lollis Hill · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

The "Lady in Red" in Zapruders film, claims smoke was lingering near the grassy knoll picket fence corner

1963 23rd November

Grassy Knoll

Lee Edward Bowers, Jr · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Lee Bowers, a railroad switchman sitting in two-story tower has an unobstructed view of the rear of the stockade fence atop the grassy knoll during the shooting.

1963 23rd November

Grassy Knoll

Lee Edward Bowers, Jr · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

At the moment of the assassination, Bowers was operating the Union Terminal Companys two-story interlocking tower, overlooking the parking lot just north of the grassy knoll and west of the Texas School Book Depository.

1963 23rd November

Grassy Knoll

Lee Edward Bowers, Jr · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Lee Edward Bowers, Jr Lee Bowers had an unobstructed view of the rear of the concrete pergola and the stockade fence above the grassy knoll..

1963 23rd November

Grassy Knoll

Ochus Campbell · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Ochus Campbell, the vicepresident of the Texas School Book Depository Company, was standing with Roy Truly on the north side of Elm Street, about 30 feet from the front entrance to the Texas School Book Depository.

1963 23rd November

Texas School Book Depository

Lee Edward Bowers, Jr · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Lee Bowers was working in the Union Terminal tower during the assassination, with an unobstructed view toward the parking area, concrete pergola and stockade fence behind the grassy knoll.

1963 23rd November

Texas School Book Depository

Ochus Campbell · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Ochus Campbell, the vicepresident of the Texas School Book Depository Company, was standing with Roy Truly on the north side of Elm Street, about 30 feet from the front entrance to the Texas School Book Depository.

1963 23rd November

Triple Underpass

Lee Edward Bowers, Jr · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

At the moment of the assassination Bowers was operating the Union Terminal Companys two-story interlocking tower overlooking the parking lot just north of the grassy knoll and west of the Texas School Book Depository..

1963 23rd November

Triple Underpass

Lee Edward Bowers, Jr · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Lee Bowers had an unobstructed view of the rear of the concrete pergola and the stockade fence above the grassy knoll.

1963

Grassy Knoll

Victoria Adams · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

The witness testified to the Warren Commission that one or more shots came from the grassy knoll.

1963

Grassy Knoll

Buell Wesley Frazier · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Buell Wesley Frazier, Billy Lovelady and Otis Williams, standing on the Depository steps, said the shots came from the general direction of the grassy knoll.

1963

Grassy Knoll

Norma Jean Lollis Hill · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Norma Jean Lollis Hill testified that she saw a man running from near the Depository toward the picket-fence area and then joined others moving toward the grassy knoll.

1963

Grassy Knoll

Emmett Hudson · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Emmett Hudson, the only man identified out of the three standing on the steps leading up to the fence on the grassy knoll, claimed that all the shots came from the general direction of the Texas School Book Depository..

1963

Grassy Knoll

Paul Landis · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

The witness testified to the Warren Commission that one or more shots came from the grassy knoll.

1963

Grassy Knoll

Billy Lovelady · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Buell Wesley Frazier, Billy Lovelady and Otis Williams, standing on the Depository steps, said the shots came from the general direction of the grassy knoll.

1963

Grassy Knoll

Arnold Rowland · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Thought that the shots had come from the grassy knoll, despite already having seen a man in the southwest window of the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository, holding a gun..

1963

Grassy Knoll

James Tague · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

The witness testified to the Warren Commission that one or more shots came from the grassy knoll.

1963

Grassy Knoll

Ottis Williams · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Buell Wesley Frazier, Billy Lovelady and Otis Williams, standing on the Depository steps, said the shots came from the general direction of the grassy knoll.

1963

Grassy Knoll

Abraham Zapruder · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

The witness testified to the Warren Commission that one or more shots came from the grassy knoll.

1963

Texas School Book Depository

Buell Wesley Frazier · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Buell Wesley Frazier, Billy Lovelady and Otis Williams, standing on the Depository steps, said the shots came from the general direction of the grassy knoll.

1963

Texas School Book Depository

Norma Jean Lollis Hill · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Norma Jean Lollis Hill testified that she saw a man running from near the Depository toward the picket-fence area and then joined others moving toward the grassy knoll.

1963

Texas School Book Depository

Emmett Hudson · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Emmett Hudson, the only man identified out of the three standing on the steps leading up to the fence on the grassy knoll, claimed that all the shots came from the general direction of the Texas School Book Depository..

1963

Texas School Book Depository

Billy Lovelady · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Buell Wesley Frazier, Billy Lovelady and Otis Williams, standing on the Depository steps, said the shots came from the general direction of the grassy knoll.

1963

Texas School Book Depository

Arnold Rowland · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Thought that the shots had come from the grassy knoll, despite already having seen a man in the southwest window of the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository, holding a gun..

1963

Texas School Book Depository

Ottis Williams · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Buell Wesley Frazier, Billy Lovelady and Otis Williams, standing on the Depository steps, said the shots came from the general direction of the grassy knoll.

1963

Warren Commission

Norma Jean Lollis Hill · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Norma Jean Lollis Hill testified that she saw a man running from near the Depository toward the picket-fence area and then joined others moving toward the grassy knoll.

1964
1964

Testimony

Victoria Adams · Washington · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF · Witness

news services. The witness testified to the Warren Commission that one or more shots came from the grassy knoll.

1964

Testimony

Buell Wesley Frazier · Washington · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF · Witness

Buell Wesley Frazier, Billy Lovelady and Otis Williams, three men who were standing on the front steps of the Texas School Book Depository, directly underneath the supposed sniper's nest, claimed that all the shots came from the general direction of the grassy knoll

1964

Testimony

Emmett Hudson · Washington · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF · Witness

Emmett Hudson, the only man identified out of the three standing on the steps leading up to the fence on the grassy knoll, claimed that all the shots came from the general direction of the Texas School Book Depository..

1964

Testimony

Paul Landis · Washington · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF · Secret Service Agent

The witness testified to the Warren Commission that one or more shots came from the grassy knoll.. Paul Landis was a Secret Service agent in the car immediately behind President Kennedy's car. My reaction at this time was that the [fatal] shot came from somewhere towards the front

1964

Testimony

Billy Lovelady · Washington · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF · Witness

Buell Wesley Frazier, Billy Lovelady and Otis Williams, three men who were standing on the front steps of the Texas School Book Depository, directly underneath the supposed sniper's nest, claimed that all the shots came from the general direction of the grassy knoll

1964

Testimony

Arnold Rowland · Washington · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF · Witness

Thought that the shots had come from the grassy knoll, despite already having seen a man in the southwest window of the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository, holding a gun..

1964

Testimony

James Tague · Washington · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF · Witness

The witness testified to the Warren Commission that one or more shots came from the grassy knoll.

1964

Testimony

Otis Williams · Washington · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF · Witness

Buell Wesley Frazier, Billy Lovelady and Otis Williams, three men who were standing on the front steps of the Texas School Book Depository, directly underneath the supposed sniper's nest, claimed that all the shots came from the general direction of the grassy knoll

1977
1977

Dictabelt Evidence

HSCA Panel · Washington · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF · Acoustics Panel

HSCA Panel examines acoustical evidence later used in the probable conspiracy finding.

1978
1978

Badge Man

Gordon Arnold · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

To the tight of the "Badge Man" some researchers claim there is also a second person, self-proclaimed witness Gordon Arnold, who claimed in 1978 that he was filming the motorcade and heard a shot fired from his left

1978

Motorcade Route

Gordon Arnold · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

To the tight of the "Badge Man" some researchers claim there is also a second person, self-proclaimed witness Gordon Arnold, who claimed in 1978 that he was filming the motorcade and heard a shot fired from his left

1979
1979 March

Second Gunman Finding

House Select Committee · Washington · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF · Congressional Committee

House Select Committee cites acoustical evidence suggesting a high probability of two gunmen.

1979

Dictabelt Recording

Louis Stokes · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Louis Stokes concludes 4 shots were fired, the fourth shot came from a second assassin located on the grassy knoll, but missed.

1979

House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)

Louis Stokes · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Louis Stokes concludes 4 shots were fired, the fourth shot came from a second assassin located on the grassy knoll, but missed.

1979

House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)

Louis Stokes · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Louis Stokes concludes acoustical evidence establishes a high probability that at least two gunmen fired at the President. Other scientific evidence does not preclude the possibility of two gunmen firing at the President.

1979

House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)

Louis Stokes · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Scientific acoustical evidence establishes a high probability that two gunmen fired at President John F. Kennedy. Concludes that Lee Harvey Oswald fired three shots at President John F.

1982
1982

Badge Man

Gary Mack · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Labels this image Badge Man because the image shows what may appear to be a uniformed police officer wearing dark clothing and his police patrolmans metal badge. Gary Mack, the longtime curator and archivist for The 6th Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza (the former Texas School Book Depository) first claimed to discover the "Badge Man" image

1982

Texas School Book Depository

Gary Mack · Dallas · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Gary Mack, the longtime curator and archivist for The 6th Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza (the former Texas School Book Depository) first claimed to discover the "Badge Man" image

1985
1985

Badge Man

Jack White · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Enhances the immediate photograph area of the "Badge Man" in contrast and brightness, then he enhanced further with what White has described as "clear photographic colored oils" to illustrate the "Badge Man"

2003
2003

Dictabelt Criticism

Dale Myers · United States · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF · Researcher

Dale Myers challenges the Dictabelt evidence used in the HSCA acoustics conclusion.

2013
2013

Not in Your Lifetime: The Defining Book on the JFK Assassination

Anthony Bruce Summers · Politics · Assassination of Kennedy, JF

Summers 1980 book Conspiracy was updated as "Not in Your Lifetime: The Defining Book on the JFK Assassination". He implicates Cuban exile Herminio Diaz, an employee of Santo Trafficante, as a grassy knoll shooter in the assassination of John F. Kennedy

Editorial provenance

Sources and editorial review

Compiled and edited by Kennedy Assassination History.

Historical context is editorial material; the chronology is generated from the site's structured JFK assassination records.

Last reviewed: September 2026.

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